Individual column substitutions (e.g. [column_COLUMN_NAME]) are passed through language strings (if using latest CB Query Field). The entire layout of your query display is also passed through language strings. Beyond that language strings do not work inline (this is the case everywhere). So in short to translate the output you need to translate the entire thing; not just a single inline string. Example as follows.
Query Field > Parameters > Display
Output: Multiple Rows
Row: FIELD_1_ROW_LAYOUT
Language String
Key: FIELD_1_ROW_LAYOUT
String:
Code:
This will display when my query field outputs a row and can be translated per language.
See the below on how to utilize language overrides to easily add your custom language strings.
www.joomlapolis.com/blog/kyle/18701-language-overrides-have-arrived