Just found the reason, maybe someone else interested in too:
1. Make a database backup
2. Login to your database (phpMyAdmn) and view table *_assets
3. Sort table by column parent_id
4. Likely you'll found multiple entries with a 0 in parent_id but there should be only one entry, the root
5. Edit the respective entries and change the 0 to a 1 (except for root!!!)
After that it has worked for me.
Found it here:
lessi2306.blogspot.de/2013/08/joomla-frontend-anmeldung-nicht-moglich.html